B. V. Sciences

Osteology: Definition of the terms used in Veterinary Anatomy in general and osteology in particular. Classification, physical properties and structure of bones, Gross study of bones of appendicular and axial skeleton of Ox / Buffalo as type species and comparison with Sheep / Goat,Pig, Horse, Dog and Fowl with particular emphasis on their topography, contour, landmarks and functional anatomy from clinical and productionpoint of view. Detail study of bones of head, neck, thorax, abdomen, pelvis, tail, fore limb and hind limb.Arthrology: Classification and structure of joints. Articulation and ligaments of head, neck, thorax abdomen, pelvis, tail, fore limb and hind limbof Ox / Buffalo as type species, their structure, functional anatomy and comparison with other domestic animals from clinical and productionpoint of view.

Biomechanics: Biomechanics and its application with reference to quadruped locomotion, kinetics of locomotion, stress and strains falling onlocomotor apparatus, landmarks, angulation and weight bearing bones of ox, buffalo and comparison with other animals particularly horse and dog.

VETERINARY GROSS ANATOMY-II (Myology, Neurology, Angiology and Aesthesiology)

Myology: Structural and functional classification of muscles. Gross study of skeletal muscles of head, neck, thorax, abdomen, pelvis, tail, fore limb and hind limb with their origin, insertion and action and their structural and functional importance from clinical and production point of view in Ox / Buffalo as a type species. Comparative study of muscles in other domestic animals.

Neurology: Study of central, peripheral and autonomic nervous system Gross study of meninges, brain, spinal cord, cranial and spiral nerves and their functional importance from clinical and production point of view. Gross morphology and disposition of the nerves of head, neck, thorax, abdomen, pelvis, tail, forelimb and hind limb in Ox / Buffalo as a type and comparative study in other domestic animals.

Angiology: Gross morphology of heart and disposition of arteries, veins and lymphatic of head, neck, thorax, abdomen, pelvis, tail, forelimb and hind limb in Ox / Buffalo as type and comparison with that of Sheep / Goat, Pig, Horse, Dog and Fowl. Their importance from clinical and production point of view.

Anesthesiology: Gross morphological study of the eye, ear, nose, hoof, horn and skin in Ox / Buffalo. Their functional importance and comparative study in other domestic animals Computer simulation for dissection and study of body parts.

Veterinary Splanchnology and Applied Anatomy

Gross morphological and topographical study of various organs of digestive, respiratory, urinary, male and female reproductive, lymphatic and endocrine systems, Pleura and Peritoneum in Ox Buffalo as type and their comparison with that of Sheep/Goat, Pig, Horse, Dog and Fowl. Different Terminology used in applied Anatomy. Palpable Anatomical body structures and their use in health and disease.

Biochemistry

General Veterinary Biochemistry

Scope and importance of biochemistry. Structure of biological membranes and transport across membranes. Donnan membrane equilibrium. Dissociation of acids, pH, buffer systems, Henderson-Hasselbalch equation. Biochemistry of carbohydrates: Biological significance of important Monosaccharides (ribose, glucose, fructose, galactose, mannose and amino sugars), Disaccharides (maltose, isomaltose, lactose, sucrose & cellobiose), Polysaccharides, (starch, dextrins, dextrans, glycogen, cellulose, insulin, chitin), and Mucopolysaccharides including bacterial cell wall polysaccharides.

Biochemistry of lipids: Properties and biological significance of simple, compound and derived lipids and lipoproteins. Structure and functions of prostaglandins. Chemistry of bile and bile acids.

Biochemistry of proteins: Structure, properties and biological significance of proteins. Amino acids: classification and structure of neutral, basic and acidic amino acids. Properties of amino acids: amphoteric nature, optical activity, and peptide bond formation. Chemical reactions of proteins.

Biochemistry of nucleic acids: Chemistry of purines, pyrimidines, nucleosides and nucleotides. Biological significance of nucleosides & nucleotides. Structures and functions of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and a typical ribonucleic acid (RNA).

Breeding

Livestock and Poultry Breeding

History of Animal Breeding; Classification of breeds; Economic characters of livestock and poultry and their importance; Breeding/Selection techniques for optimal production. Selection: Response to selection and factors affecting it; Bases of selection individual, pedigree, family, sib,

progeny and combined; Indirect selection; Multitrait selection. Classification of mating systems; Inbreeding and out breeding-genetic and phenotypic consequences viz., inbreeding depression and heterosis: Systems of utilization of heterosis; Selection for combining ability; Breeding methods for the improvement of dairy cattle and buffaloes {crossbreeding, sire evaluation, field progeny testing, open nucleus breeding system (ONBS)}, sheep, goat, swine and poultry; Breed development; Conservation of germplasm, Current livestock and poultry breeding programmes in the state and country.

Pet Animal Breeding Management, Nutrition and Healthcare

Breeds of dogs- international pedigree breeds and those commonly seen in India. Pedigree sheet and major breed traits. Detection of oestrus and Breeding of dogs. Selecting a breed to keep, selection of a pup. Feeding of dogs- nutritional requirements of important breeds and different age groups. Management of dogs-kennels, care of pups and pregnant bitch. Dog shows- preparation for the shows, kennel clubs, important characters for judgment. Whelping. Utility of dogs-guarding, defense, patrolling, riot control, scouting, espionage, mine detection, tracking, guiding, hunting, races, retrieving, rescue, and other uses.

Principles of training of dogs. Common diseases affecting dogs (bacterial, viral, parasitic, fungal, nutritional etc.) - their clinical manifestations, diagnosis, treatment and control. Vaccination/ deworming schedules. Common surgical interventions in dogs- docking, ear cropping, nail cutting, sterilization. Common anaesthetics and anaesthesia in dogs. Common breeds of cats, their habits, feeding, breeding and management. Common diseases of cats-their diagnosis, treatment and control. Common surgical interventions in cat. Common pet birds seen in India. Introduction to their caging, breeding, feeding, management, disease control and prevention.

Biotechnology

Animal Biotechnology

Definitions, basic concepts and scope of animal biotechnology. Recombinant DNA.technology. Gene cloning, vectors and expression vectors.

Transformation and transfection. Polymerised chain reaction (PCR), construction of genomic library and cDNA library. DNA sequencing.

Principles of transfer of nucleic acids and proteins (Southern, Northern and Western blotting), Nucleic acid hybridization, DNA probes and DNA fingerprinting.

Biotechnological application in animal improvements: Embryo biotechniques, in-vivo and in- vitro embryo production and preservation, sexing, micromanipulation and cloning, transgenic animal and biopharming. Mapping of genome and genome sequencing. Marker assisted selection. Gene banking. Nutritional biotechnology including bioconversion of lignocellulose, genetic manipulation of microbes for improved feed utilization and health. Animal tissue culture, transformation and cell lines, tumor markers and acute phase proteins Molecular diagnosis including PCR and DNA probes. Hybridoma and monoclonal antibodies. New generation vaccines: Subunit recombinant and recombinant vectored vaccines Fermentation process and technologies for milk, meat and leather. Ethics arid regulatory issues in Biotechnology. IPR. Bioinfomnatics.

Economics

Livestock Economics, Marketing and Business Management

Economics:

Introduction, definition and scope (production, consumption, exchange and distribution) of economic principles as applied to livestock. Common terms - wants, goods, wealth, utility, price, value, real and money income. Important features of land, labour, capital and organization.

Livestock produce and products. Livestock contributions to national economy. Demand projections of livestock produce. Theory of consumer behaviour law of diminishing marginal utility and indifference curve analysis. Theory of demand; meaning, types of demand, demand curve and law of demand, individual and market demand, elasticities of demand and factors affecting demand. Laws and types of supply. Elasticity of supply. Cost concepts and principle of fixed and variable costs. Theory of production, law of diminishing returns, laws of returns to scale and concept of short and long run periods. Economics of animal disease and disease losses. Marketing: Livestock business- concepts, nature and scope. Components, characteristic of small business. Marketable livestock commodities. Concept of market; meaning and classification of markets. Market price and normal price, price determination under perfect competition in short and long run. Marketing of livestock, and perishable and non-perishable livestock products. Merchandising - product planning and development Marketing functions; exchange functions-buying, selling and demand creation. Physical functions- grading, transportation, storage and warehousing. Facilitative functions -standardization, risk bearing, market information and market intelligence. Market opportunities – marketing channels of livestock and livestock products, organized/unorganized markets and cattle fairs. Import and export of animal and animal products. International Agreements/Regulations (WTO and General Agreement on Trade and Tariff-GATT) for marketing/trade of live animals and products. Management: Resource Management- Organizational aspects of livestock farms, sources and procurement of inputs and financial resources. Break- even - analysis. Personnel (Labour) Management-Identification of work and work (job) analysis/division of labour.

Accounting: Definition, objectives, common terms. Different systems of book keeping- single and double entry system. Various types of account books including books of original entry. Classification of accounts and rules of debit and credit Recording of business transactions. Analysis of financial accounts- income and expenditure accounts, trading account, profit and loss accounts.

Livestock Entrepreneurship

Livestock Entrepreneurship. Avenues of entrepreneurship/employment in private and public sectors. Key concepts and theories of selfemployment and entrepreneurship. Essential criteria for development of entrepreneurship in livestock sector - basic requirements for entrepreneurship initiatives in livestock and allied sectors (i.e. techno economic feasibity of the enterprises under different conditions, training and management skills, business acumen, business communication, inter-personnel skills for establishing an enterprise, etc.). Entrepreneurial training/development programmes at the State and National level. Animal Insurance. Bank support for entrepreneurship. Financial credit and financial management-general Principles and practices, analysing project appraisals and reports, capital, expenditure decisions, reinvestment and payback. Preparing projects for bank appraisal, banking requirements. Assessing project profits. Procurement management quality issues, standardisation, grading and packaging. Marketing channels. Retail marketing, sales operations and management advertising, marketing of services. Expectations from a Veterinary professional. Eco-jobs and sustainable development through livestock. Approach to preparation of Entrepreneurial Project on livestock.

Environmental science

Environment and Environmental Hygiene

Definition, scope and importance. Ecosystem: types, structure and functions. Food chains. Bio-diversity uses, threats and conservation. Natural resources: forest, mineral, soil and water-their uses and abuses. Environmental pollution-causes, and effects. Control measures of air, water,

soil, marine, thermal and noise pollution. Nuclear hazards. Bio-safety and risk assessment Environment Protection Acts and related issues.

Disaster management Sources of water supply and water quality, Sources of water contamination. Bacteriology of water. Physical, chemical, microbiological and biological evaluation of water. Water purification. Disposal of sewage and farm wastes. Health implications of farm wastes.

Sanitation and disinfection of animal houses. Recycling of farm wastes. Sources of air pollution within animal houses and its effect on animal health and production Ventilation and ventilation systems within animal houses and specialized laboratories. Prevention and control of air and water-borne diseases. Problems of atmospheric pollution (acid rah, depletion of ozone layer, methane production, green house effect and global warming). Tannery, wool, bone and blood meal industry pollution and its control. Stray and fallen animal management Pollution due to industrial wastes.

Epidemiology

Veterinary Epidemiology and Zoonosis

Definitions and aims of epidemiology. Factors influencing occurrence of livestock diseases and production. Ecological basis and natural history of diseases. Sources, Storage, retrieval and representation of disease information/data. Epidemiological hypothesis. Epidemiological methods: descriptive, analytical (observational), experimental, theoretical (modeling), serological and molecular. Survey of animal diseases. Surveillance and monitoring of livestock diseases. Animal disease forecasting. Strategies of disease management: prevention, control and eradication.

Economics of animal diseases. National and International regulations on livestock diseases. Role of OIE and laws on international trade on animals and animal products.

Definition, history and socio-economic impact of zoonotic diseases. Classification of zoonoses and approaches to their management. New, emerging, re-emerging and occupational zoonoses. . Role of domestic, wild, pet and laboratory animals and birds in transmission of zoonoses.

Zoonotic pathogens as agents of bio-terrorism. Reservoirs, clinical manifestations in animals and humans, and the management of the following zoonoses: rabies, Japanese encephalitis, Kyasanur forest disease, influenza, anthrax, brucellosis, tuberculosis, leptospirosis, listeriosis, plague, rickettsiosis, chlamydiosis and dermatophytosis. Food borne zoonoses: salmonellosis, staphylococcosis, clostridial food poisoning, campylobacteriosis, helmintrrosis.toxoplasmosis and sarcocystosis. Veterinary Public Health Administration.

Extension

Principles and Techniques of Veterinary and A H. Extension

Concept of Sociology. Wan-animal relationship (Society. Community, Association, institutions). Difference in livestock production practices of rural, urban and tribal communities including rearing patterns. Social change and factors of change. Social groups, its types and functions.

Social transformation in relation to animal rearing. Evolution of veterinary and animal husbandry extension in India. Extension education: definition, philosophy and principles. Concept of Community development Teaching learning process, steps of teaching. Extension teaching

methods; their classification and use. Information delivery system in Veterinary and Animal Husbandry extension. Information communication technology.

Role of animals in economy, health and socio-psychology of rural, semi urban and urban society. Client and stakeholder dealings: techniques and procedures including tools for data collection, analysis, history taking, follow-up and appraisal on prognosis. Adoption and diffusion of livestock innovations. Leadership and role of leaders in animal husbandry extension.

Farming in rural India - large and small scale terming, mixed farming, co-operative and collective farming, contractual farming, Co-operative Farming for Live Stock Production, Advantages and limitations of cooperatives. Economic principles underlying co-operative societies, cooperative milk unions in India Social survey and its types. Social sampling. Identification of key communicators and operating through them.

Identifying organizational difficulties in the way of organizing animal husbandry extension programmes. Identification of constraints in the adoption of improved animal husbandry practices. Animal Husbandry programme planning and evaluation. Feedback evaluation of extension programmes and their impact analysis. Panchayati Raj Institutions, Krishi Vigyan Kendra (KVK), Animal Husbandry Development Programmes in Cattle, buffalo, sheep , goat poultry, rabbit and piggery.- Key village scheme, Gosadan/Goshala. Integrated Cattle Development Programme (ICDP), Integrated Rural Development Programme (IRDP), Agricultural Technology Management Agency (ATMA). Gender considerations in

Veterinary practice. Changing expectations from new recruits to the profession and employers of veterinarians. Growing changes in corporate, client influence and changes in work ethics. Information communication technologies. Virtual .class room and self learning. E-learning.

Information kiosks. Agriculture portals. E-commerce- scope and local application. Computer aided teaching/learning, web-sites dedicated to veterinary and animal sciences education, web directories and virtual learning institutions (e-institutions).

Health Care

Aquatic Animal Diseases, Health Care and Management

Introduction to aquatic animals, aquatic animal ecology and national economy. Fishery as a method of recycling animal and poultry wastes and feed surplus. Types of common aquatics animals, fresh and saline water fish, their collection. Care and breeding, egg and spawn management.

Integrated aquaculture. Ornamental fisheries. Aquatic animal feeds and feeding. Economic production; Pond and nursery management Inland and marine capture fisheries. Stock assessment and population dynamics. Fish harvesting and process technology, fish preservation,

inspection, utilization of fish in animal feed. Anatomy, physiology, immunology and inflammatory response in finfish and shellfish (crustaceans and mollusks). OIE regulations related to aquatic animal health.

Viral, bacterial, mycotic and parasitic diseases affecting aquatic animals. Nutritional and toxic pathology. Miscellaneous non-infectious diseases associated with physicochemical abnormalities of water. Neoplasia of teleosts. Vaccines and vaccination.

Genetics

Principles of Animal Genetics and Population Genetics

History of Genetics. Chromosome numbers and types in livestock and poultry. Mitosis, Meiosis and gametogenesis. Overview of Mendelian principles; Modified Mendelian inheritance: gene interaction; multiple alleles; lethals; sex-linked, sex limited and sex influenced traits; linkage and crossing over, Mutation, Chromosomal aberrations; Cytogenetics, Extra-chromosomal inheritance. Gene concept -classical and molecular. Population genetics: Genetic structure of population: Gene and genotypic frequency: Hardy -Weinberg law and its application; Forces {eg

Mutation, migration, selection and drift) changing gene and genotypic frequencies.

Quantitative genetics: Nature and properties; Values and means. Components of phenotypic and genotypic variance; Concept of genotype and environment interaction, Resemblance between relatives; Heritability, repeatability, genetic and phenotypic correlations.

Introductory

Veterinarian in Society

Immunology

Veterinary Immunology and Serology

Concepts in Veterinary and Medical Immunology. Immune system: organs, tissues and cells.

Types of immunity. Development of humoral and cellular immune responses.

Antigens: definition, specificity, types and factors affecting immunogenicity, blood group antigens. Antibodies: Structure, properties and function of different classes of immunoglobulins, Site, mechanism and theories of antibody production, Monoclonal antibodies.

Major histocompatibility complex, Complement system; Cytokines: Major types and functions. Serological reactions: Agglutination, precipitation, haemagglutination; Phagocytosis, opsonic index, cytolysis; Complement fixation, neutralization, toxin and antitoxin reaction, immunofluorescence; Hypersensitivity: classification and mechanism of induction. Autoimmunity and immunotolerance. Immunisation of animals. Biologicals: Role of conventional and modem vaccines in immunoprophylaxis. Adjuvants. Quality control of biologicals.

Legislation

ANIMAL WELFARE, ETHICS AND JURISPRUDENCE

Animal Welfare, Ethics & Jurisprudence

Definition of animal welfare and ethics. Human and animal welfare in relation to ecosystem and environmental factors. Role of veterinarians in animal welfare. Animal welfare organisations, Animal Welfare Board of India - their role, functions and current status. Rules, regulations, laws

on animal welfare. Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (PCA) Act, 1960 {59 of 1960). Role and function of Committee for the purpose of Controlling and Supervising Experiments in Animals (CPCSEA). Protection of wild life in nature and captivity. Protection and welfare of performing animals. Welfare of animals during transportation. Animal welfare in commercial livestock farming practices. Protection and welfare of working animate. Pet and companion animal welfare. Animal welfare during natural calamities and disaster management Legal duties of veterinarians, Forensic and State Medicine laws. Common offences against animals and laws related to these offences. Examination of living and dead animals in criminal cases. Cruelly to the animals and bestiality. Legal aspects of: Examination of animals for soundness, examination

of Injuries and post-mortem examination. Causes of sudden death in animals. Collection and despatch of materials for chemical examination, detection of frauds-doping, alternation of description, bishoping etc. Cattle slaughter and evidence procedure in courts. Provincial and Central Acts relating to animals. Glanders and Farcy Act 1899 (13 of 1899). Dourine Act 1910 (5 of 1910), Laws relating to offences affecting Public Hearth. Laws relating to poisons and adulteration of drugs. Livestock Importation Act Evidence, liability and insurance. Code of Conduct and Ethics for veterinarians - the Regulations made under Indian Veterinary Council Act, 1984.

Livestock production and management

Abattoir Practice and Animal Product Technology

Layout and management of rural, urban and modem abattoirs. BIS standards on organization and layout of abattoirs, Pre-slaughter care, handling and transport of meat animals including poultry. Ante-mortem and post-mortem examination. Slaughtering and dressing of carcasses.

Evaluation, grading and fabrication of dressed carcasses including poultry.

Abattoir byproducts: meat, bone, fish meal and byproducts of pharmaceutical value. Skin and hides: methods of flaying, defects and preservation Management of organic wastes emanating from animal industries, fallen animals and abattoir effluent. HACCP concepts in abattoir management. Introduction to wool, fur, pelt and specialty fibers with respect to processing industry. Glossary of terms of wool processing. Basic structure and development of wool follicle. Post shearing operations of wool, classification and grading of wool, physical and chemical properties of wool. Impurity of wool, factors influencing the quality of wool. Brief outline of processing of wool, tests for Identification of wool.

LIVESTOCK FARM PRACTICE

Livestock Farm Practice

Livestock Production Management Ii (Monogastric and Laboratory Animals)

Introduction and scope of swine farming in the country. Demography of swine population. Breeds and their role in economy. Management of different categories of swine for optimal production: breeding and pregnant sows; sows at farrowing and after farrowing: pig-Ms, growing stock, lactating sows, feed lot stock. Mating technique in swine. Housing of swine. Swine feeds and feeding. Economics of pig fanning. Equine population of India. Horses, donkeys and mules and their utility. Identification of breeds of horses. Dentition and ageing of horses. Handing,

restraining, care and routine management of equines including grooming, saddling and exercise. Stable and Its management Feeding routine for horse, donkeys and mules. Vices of horses. Care of stallion. Mating of Horses broodmare and its care. Foaling and care of newborn.

Breeding mules. Care of race horses and preparing horses for show. Doping and its detection. Visit to races, polo, horse show.Importance of laboratory animal breeding care and housing standards of mice, rats and guinea pigs. General considerations on feeding and breeding of laboratory animals. Prophylactic measures for commonly occurring laboratory animal diseases. Concept of production of specific pathogen tree (SPF) and germ free laboratory animals.

Scope of rabbit farming in the country, breeds and their distributions In India and abroad. Limitation of rabbit animal production. Selection, care, and management of breeding stock for commercial purpose. Identification. Care and management of landing animals and kindling. Care of new born, growing stock. Harvesting of products. Breeding and selection techniques for optimal production. Feeds and feeding for rabbit production- Housing of rabbit Shearing/slaughtering and preservation of products. Diseases and parasite control, hygienic care. Disposal, utilization and recycling of wastes etc. Economic aspects of rabbit production, accounting their expenditure, income, etc. Manpowerrequirements and personnel/labour management Preparing projects for micro (backyard) mini, and major rabbit farms.

Livestock Production Management-I (General Principles and Ruminants)

Livestock in India- association of livestock to Indian society during vedic, medieval and modern era. Demographic distribution of livestock and role in economy. Animal holding and land holding patterns in different agro-ecologies. Introductory animal husbandry. Common animal husbandry terms. Body conformation and identification. Dentition and ageing of animals. Transport of livestock by rail, road, air and on foot. Common farm management practices including disinfection, isolation, quarantine and disposal of carcass. Introduction to methods of drug administration. Common vices of animals, their prevention and care. Livestock production systems of different agro-climatic zones. Livestock resources and resources management Livestock produce and products and their availability and their role in rural/urban hearth/economy. Organic livestock production. General principles affecting the design and construction of building for housing for various livestock species. Selection of site. Arrangements of the building with special reference to Indian conditions. Utilisation of local materials. Building materials used for construction of wall, roof and floor of animal houses, their characteristics, merits and demerits.

Demography of cattle and buffalo population. Breeds and breed descriptors of important breeds. Important traits of cattle and buffaloes. General management and feeding practices of calves, heifers, pregnant, lactating and dry animals in bulls and working animals. Draught ability of cattle and buffaloes. Raising of buffalo mates for meat production. Housing systems, layout and design of different biddings for dairy animals inducing backyard dairy and mixed farms. Routine dairy farm operations and labour management Methods of milking and precautions. Factors affecting quality and quantity of milk production. Clean max production. Dairy farm accounts and records. Concepts of input and output cost of dairy farming (small and large holdings).

Demography of sheep and goat population and their rote in economy. Breeds and breed descriptors. Important bans for meat milk and fibre. General management and feeding-practices during different stages of growth, development and production (milk, meat and wool) in small and large holdings. Breeding schedule and management of ram and buck. Weaning and fattening of lambs and kids. Glossaries of terms In wool industry. Shearing of sheep. Physical and chemical properties of wool. Impurities in wool Factors influencing the quality of wool grading.

Recovery of wool wax and its use. Housing systems, layout and design of different buildings for small ruminants Judging for the quality and confirmation of body parts of cattle, buffalo, sheep and goat Culling of animals. Preparation of animals for show. Problems and prospects of dairy, meat and wool industry in India. Animal and animal products market and marketing. Animal Fairs and Melas. Animal pounds and Goshalas.

Livestock Production Management-III (Regional Interest)

Meat Science

Retrospect and prospect of meat Industry in India, Structure and composition of muscle (Including poultry muscle), conversion of muscle to meat, nutritive value of meat. Fraudulent substitution of meat, preservation of meat and aquatic foods - drying, salting, curing, smoking, chilling, freezing, canning, IpASfatJon, antibiotic and chemicals. Ageing of meat Modem processing technologies of meat and meat products. Packaging of meat and meat products. Formulation and development of meat and sea foods -kabab, sausages, meat baiIs/patties, tandoori chicken, soup, pickles, surimi, smoked fish. Physico-chemical and microbiological quality of meat and aquatic food and food products. Basics of sensory evaluation of meat products. Nutritive value, preservation, packaging of egg and egg products. Laws governing national international trade of meat and meat products. Organic meat food products. Food products of genetically modified animal and marine origin.

Milk and Meat Hygiene, Food Safety and Public Health

Milk hygiene in relation to public health. Microbial flora of milk and milk products. Sources of milk contamination during collection and transport of milk and processing of dairy products. Control of milk and milk product contamination. Hygienic handling/ management of dairy equipment Quality control of milk and milk products. Milk hygiene practices in India and other countries. Legislation and standards for milk and milk products. Milk as a source of disease transmission.

Pathological conditions associated with the transport of food animals. Elements of meat inspection. Hygiene in abattoirs. Ante-mortem inspection of meat animals. Humane slaughter of animals. Postmortem inspection of meat animals. Methods of inspection of meat. Rigor mortis

and examination of lymph nodes. Speciation of meat. Health implications of emergency and causality slaughter. Hygienic disposal of unsound meat. Inspection of poultry and aquatic foods (fish) for human consumption. Occupational health hazards in meat processing plants. Meat as a

source of disease transmission. Food safety, definition, hazard analysis and critical control point (HACCP) system and chemical and microbial toxicities associated with milk, meat and aquatic foods. Risk analysis: assessment and management and food safety measures. Toxic residues

(pesticides, antibiotics, metals and hormones) and microbial toxins in food and their health hazards. Types of bio-hazards. Sanitary and phytosanitary measures in relation to foods of animal origin and aquatic foods. International and national food safety standards {Office

International des Epizootics (OIE), World Trade Organisation (WTO), Sanitary and Phytosanitary (SPS) and Codex Alimentarius}.

Milk and Milk Products Technology

Milk Industry in India. Layout of milk processing plant and its management, Composition and nutritive value of milk and factors affecting composition of milk. Physico-chemical properties of milk. Microbiological deterioration of milk and milk products. Collection, chilling, standardization, pasteurization, homogenizatJbn, bactofugation. Principles of dehydration. Preparation of butter, paneer/channa, ghee, khoa, lassi, dahi, ice-cream, Cheddar cheese and dairy byproducts, Good Manufacturing Practices. Implementation of HACCP. Toxic/pesticides

residues in milk and milk products. Packaging, transportation, storage and distribution of milk and milk products. Organic milk food products.

Legal and BIS standards of milk and milk products. Sanitation in milk plant

Medicine

Veterinary Chemotherapy

Antibacterial agents: Classification, general principles in antibacterial chemotherapy, antibacterial resistance. Sulphonamides and their combination with diaminopyrimidines, sulfones, nitrofurans, nalidixic acid and fluoroquinolones.

Antibiotics: Penicillins and cephalopsorins, aminoglycosides, tetracyclines, chloramphenicol, macrolides, polypeptides. Miscellaneous agents: methenamine, bacitracin. Rifampin. novobiocin, viginamycin, lincosamides and vancomycin. Antifungal agents: Topical and systemic agents including anti-fungal antibiotics. Anthelmintics: Drugs used against cestodes, trematodes, nematodes, drug resistance, broad-spectrum anthelmintics.

Antiprotozoal agents: Drugs used in trypanosomosis, theileriosis, babesiosis, coccidiosis, amoebiosis, giardiosis and trichomonosis. Ectoparasiticides, Antiviral and anticancer agents. Antiseptics and disinfectants. Growth promoters. Common indigenous drugs of plant origin with proven pharmacological and therapeutic efficacies in various animal ailments. New drugs and drug formulations.

Veterinary Clinical Medicine-I (General & Systemic)

History and scope of Veterinary Medicine, Concept of animal diseases. Concepts of diagnosis, differential diagnosis and prognosis. General systemic, states, hyperthermia, hypothermia, fever, septicemia, toxemia, shook and dehydration. Aetiology, clinical manifestations, diagnosis,

differential diagnosis, treatment prevention and control of the following diseases of cattle,- buffalo sheep/goat equine, pig and pet animals.

Diseases of digestive system with special reference to rumen dysfunction and diseases of stomach In non-ruminants. Affections of peritoneum, liver and pancreas. Diseases of respiratory and cardiovascular systems including blood and blood forming organs. Diseases of uro-genital system & lymphatic system. Emergency medtelne and critical care.

Veterinary Clinical Medicine-II(Metabolic & Deficiency Diseases)

Aetiology, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, differential diagnosis, treatment prevention and control of metabolic disorders/production diseases.

Milk fever, acute parturient hypocalcaemia in goats, sows and bitches, osteodystrophy fibrosa, lactation tetany in mares, downer cow syndrome, ketosis, hypomagnesaemia in cattle and buffalo, azoturia in equines, hypothyroidism and diabetes in dogs. Diagnosis and management of diseases caused by deficiency of iron, copper, cobalt zinc, manganese, selenium, calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, vitamin A, D, E, B. complex, K and C in domestic animals and poultry. Nutritional haemoglobinuria. Diseases of neonates. Diseases of skin, musculoskeletal system, nervous system and sense organs of domestic animals. Management of common clinical poisonings. Rote of alternative/integrated/ethno veterinary medicine in animal disease management.

Veterinary Preventive Medicine-I (Bacterial, Fungal& Rickettsial Diseases)

Clinical manifestation, diagnosis, prevention and control of infectious diseases, namely mastitis, haemorrhagic septicaemia, brucellosis, tuberculosis, Jobne's disease. black quarter, tetanus, listeriosis, leptospirosis, campylobacteriosis, actinomycosis, actinobacillosis, enterotoxaemia, glanders, strangles, ulcerative lymphangitis, colibacillosis, fowl typhoid, putiorum disease, fowl cholera, avian mycoplasmosis, sppirochaetosis, salmonellosis, swine erysipelas. Other important bacterial diseases of regional importance (e.g. contagious caprine pleuropneumonia, contagious bovine pleuropneuonia etc.). Bacterial diseases of bio terrorism Instance - anthrax, botulism etc Chlamydosis, Q fever, anaplasmosis, Dermatphillosis, aspergillosis (brooders pneumonia), candidiasis, histoplasmosis, sporotrichosis, coccidiodomycosis, mycotoxicosis, etc.

Veterinary Preventive Medicine -II(Viral & Parasitic Diseases)

Clinical manifestation, diagnosis, prevention and control of infectious diseases, namely foot and mouth disease, rinderpest bovine viral diarrhoea, malignant catarrhal fever, Infectious bovine rhinotracheitis, enzootic bovine leucosis, ephemeral fever, blue tongue, sheep and goat pox, PPR, classical swine fever. Important exotic diseases for differential diagnosis - African swine fever, swine vesicular disease, vesicular stomatitis, Rift valley fever, Aujeezky's disease. Rabies, African horse sickness, equine influenza, equine infectious anaemia, equine rhinopneumonitis, canine distemper, Infectious canine hepatitis, canine parvoviral disease. Highly pathogenic avian influenza, Newcastle (Ranikhet) disease, Merek's disease. avian leucosis, Infectious bronchitis, infectious larynotracheitis, avian encaphalomyelitis, fowl pox, infectious bursal disease, Inclusion body hepatitis-hydropericardlum sypdrome. Other emerging and exotic viral diseases of global importance.

Amphistomosis, fascioliosis, {Gastrointestinal nematodiasis, schistosomosis, echinococcosis, tapeworm infestations (cysticercosis), verminous broochitis, coeneurosis, trichomonosis, blood protozoan infections (trypanosomosis. theileriosis. babesiosis etc.). canine eperythrozoon infection, coccidiosis.

Microbiology

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Introduction and history of Microbiology. Morphology, structure, growth and nutrition of bacteria.Classification and nomenclature of bacteria.

Sources and transmission of infection. Pathogenicity, virulence and infection. Resistance and susceptibility of host bacteraemia, septicaemia, toxaemia. endotoxins and exotoxins; Bacterial genetics. Plasmids, Antibiotic resistance.

Introduction, morphology, growth, nutrition, reproduction in fungi, Classification of fungi. Introduction to viruses: General properties, Replication, Cultivation and Purification of viruses. Cell-Virus interactions. Viral genetics. Interferon,

Systematic Veterinary Bacteriology & Mycology

Study of following important pathogenic bacteria and fungi in relation to their morphology, isolation, growth, colonial, biochemical and antigenic characters. Pathogenicity and diagnosis of bacterial and fungal diseases caused by the following genera: Bacteria: Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, Bacillus, Clostridium, Mycobacterium, Enterobacteriaceae (E.coii, Salmonella, Yersinia, Klebsiella and Proteus), Campylobacter, Brucella, Pasteurella and Mannheimia, Pseudomonas and Burkholderia, MoraxeUa, Haemophilus and Taylorella, Listeria, ActtnobacHius. Actinomyces. Arcanobacterium and Corynabactehum, Nocardia, DermatophHus, Spirochetes, Gram negative anaerobes. Mycoplasma, Rickettsia, Chlamydia and ChlamydophHa. Fungi: Dermatophytes, Rhinosporidium, Sporothchum, Candida, Mycetomal fungi. Cryptococcus, Aspergillus, Zygomycetes and Dimorphic fungi. Mycotic mastitis and abortion. Mycotoxicoses.

Systematic Veterinary Virology

Brief history, classification and characteristics of various families of DNA and RNA viruses causing diseases in livestock and poultry, laboratory diagnostic techniques, immunity to viral infections, systemic virology including: DNA viruses: Poxviridae: Pox viruses of cow, sheep, goat and fowl Asfarviridae African swine fever, Herpesviridae: Aujeszky's disease, malignant catarrhal fever, infectious bovine rhinotracheitis, equine abortion. Marek's disease, infectious laryngeotracheitis. Adenoviridae - Infectious canine hepatitis, egg drop syndrome (EDS), Inclusion body fiepatitis-Hydropericardium syndrome (IBH-HPS). Papillomaviridae: Papillomatosis, Parvoviridae: Canine Parvovirus. Circoviridae: Chicken infectious anaemia. RNA viruses: Orhomyxoviridae: Swine, equine and Avian influenza. Paramyxoviridae: Rinderpest, PPR, canine distemper and Ranikhet disease, Flavivirldae: Classical swine fever, bovine viral diarrhoea. Piconaviridae: - foot and mouth disease (FMD), duck viral hepatitis, Rhabdoviridae: - Rabies, vesicular stomatitis, ephemeral fever, Coronaviridae: - Avian Infectious bronchitis, transmissible gastroenteritis, Togaviridae: - Equine encephalitis, Arteriviridae: equine viral arteritis, Callclvlridae: vesicular exanthema, Retroviridae: Avian leucosis group. Lentlviruses- Equine infectious anemia virus, Sheep pulmonary adenomatosis, MaeduVisna. Reoviridae: African horse sickness and blue tongue, Calf Rotavirus, Birnaviridae: Infectious bursal disease. Prions, Exotic and emerging animal and poultry viruses.

Nutrition

Applied Nutrition-1 (Ruminants)

Importance of scientific feeding. Feeding experiments. Digestion and metabolism trial. Norms adopted in conducting digestion trial.

Measurement of digestibility. Factors affecting digestibility of a feed. Feeding standards, their uses and significance, merit and demerits of various feeding standards with reference to ruminants. Nutrient requirements of livestock-energy and protein requirement for maintenance and production. Methods adopted for arriving at energy and protein requirements for maintenance and production in terms of growth, reproduction, milk, meat, wool and work. Balanced ration and its characteristics. General principles of computation of rations. Formulation of rations and feeding of dairy cattle and buffaloes during different phases of growth, development and production (neonate, young, mature, pregnant, lactating and dry animals; breeding bull and working animals). Formulation of ration and feeding of sheep and goat during different phases of growth, development and production (milk, meat and wool). Use of NPN compound for ruminants.

Applied Nutrition-II (Non-Ruminants, Poultry and Laboratory Animals)

Factors affecting digestibility of a feed. Nutrient requirements in poultry, swine and equine -Energy and protein requirement for maintenance and production. Methods adopted for arriving at energy and protein requirements for maintenance and production in terms of growth, reproduction and production (egg, meat and work). Formulation of rations as per Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS), National Research Council (NRC) and Agricultural Research Council (ARC) specifications. Feeding standards, their uses and significance, merit and demerits of various feeding standards with reference to monogastric animals and poultry. Feeding of swine (Piglets, Growers, Lactating and pregnant sows, Breeding boar, Fattening animals), equine (foal, yeaning, broodmare, stallion and race horses) and poultry (Starter, Growers, Broilers, Layers) with conventional and unconventional feed ingredients. Feeding of ducks. Laboratory Animal Nutrition: Nutrient requirements of mice, rat, rabbit and guinea pig. Significance of carbohydrates, lipids, proteins and amino acids, minerals arid vitamins in lab animal nutrition. Diet formulation and preparation and feeding practices. Feed supplements.

Fodder Production and Grassland Management

Importance of grasslands and fodders in-livestock production. Agronomical practices for production of leguminous and non-leguminous fodders in different seasons. Soil and water conservation and irrigation drainage for fodder production. Farm, power and agro-energy. Farm machinery and equipment Harvesting and post harvest techniques "for fodder preservation. Storage of feeds and fodders. Scarcity fodders. Feed and fodder management for individual animals. Fodder production for small units through inter cropping or back yard cultivation. Recycling of animals washings and wastes in fodder production.

Principles of Animal Nutrition and Feed Technology Theory

Importance of nutrients in animal production and health. Composition of animal body and plants. Nutritional terms and their definitions. Importance of minerals (major and trace elements) and vitamins in health and production, their requirements and supplementation in feed. Common feeds and fodders, their classification, availability and importance for livestock and poultry production. Measures of food energy and their applications - gross energy, digestible energy, metabolisable energy, net energy, total digestible nutrients, starch equivalent, food units, physiological fuel value. Direct and indirect calorimetry, carbon and nitrogen balance studies. Protein evaluation of feeds - Measures of protein quality in ruminants and non-ruminants, biological value of protein, protein efficiency ratio, protein equivalent, digestible crude protein. Calorie protein ratio. Nutritive ratio. Various physical, chemical and biological methods of feed processing for improving the nutritive value of inferior quality roughages. Preparation, storage and conservation of livestock feed through silage and hay and their uses in livestock feeding. Harmful natural constituents and common adulterants of feeds and fodders. Feed additives in the rations of livestock and poultry; Antibiotics and hormonal compounds and other growth stimulants, and their uses.

Parasitology

General Veterinary Parasitology and Helminthology

Parasites and parasitism. Types of Parasitism. Commensalism, symbiosis and predatorism, Types of hosts: Final and Intermediate hosts, paratenic hosts and reservoir hosts, natural and unnatural hosts. Host- parasite relationship; mode of transmission of parasites and methods of dissemination of the infective stages of the parasite. Parasite specificity in relation to species, breed, sex and location. Tissue reactions caused by parasites to the host. Resistance of hosts to parasitic infections/infestations. Immunity against parasitic infections. Standardized Nomenclature of Animal Parasitic Diseases (SNOAPAD). General description of helminth parasites affecting domestic animals and birds.

Classification of helminths. Characteristics of phylum (Platyhelminthes, Nemathelminthes and Acanthocephala). Salient morphological features of diagnostic importance. Life cycle of the helminths in relation to transmission, pathogenesis, epidemiology, diagnosis, general control

measures of following helminthes of animals and birds.

Trematodes: Liver flukes (Fasciola, Dicrocoelium and Opisthorchis), intestinal flukes (Fasciolopsis), blood flukes (nasal schistosomosis), cercarial dermatitis (Schistosoma and Ornithobilharzia), visceral schistosomosis (S. spindale, S. indica, S. incognitum), Amphistomes/immature amphistomosis (Paramphistomum, Cotylophoron, Gastrothylax, Gastrodiscus, Gigantocotyle, Gastrodiscoides, Pseudodiscus), Lung flukes(Paragonimus) and oviduct flukes (Prosthogonimus),their importance in the diagnosis.

Cestodes: Metacestodes (bladder worm), Ruminant tape worms (Moniezia. Avitellina, Stilesia), Dog tape worms (Dipylidium, Taenia, Multiceps and Echinococcus), Equine tape worms(Anoplocephala, Paranoplocephala), Poultry tape worms (Davainea, Cotugnia, Raillietina,

Amoebotaenia) and Broad fish tape worm (Diphyllobothrium), Dwarf tape worm (Hymenolepis).

Nematodes: Ascaris, Parascaris, Toxocara, Toxascaris, Ascaridia, Heterakis and Oxyuris. Bursate Worms (Strongyloides, Strongyles, Chabertia, Syngamus, Oesophagostomum), Kidney worms (Stephanurus, Dioctophyma), Hook worms (Ancylostoma, Agriostomum, Bunostomum, Trichostrongylus, Ostertagia, Cooperia, Nematodirus). Stomach worms (Haemonchus, Mecistocirrus). Tissue round worms (Habronema, Thelazia, Spirocerca, Gongylonema). Filarial worm Dirofilaria, Parafilaria, Onchocerca, Setaria, Stephanofilaria). Lung worms (Dictyocaulus, Mullerius and Protostrongylus). Guinea worms (Dracunculus). International regulations for control of different helminthic diseases.

Veterinary Entomology and Acarology

General description of insecta and arachnida affecting domestic animals and birds. Arthropoda as direct/indirect parasites. Classification, Life Cycle and vector potentiality in relation to disease transmission, pathogenesis and control of following arthropods affecting animals and birds. The biting midges (Culicoides), buffalo gnats /Black fly, (Simulium), sandflies (Phlebotomus). The mosquitoes (Culex, Anopheles and Aedes).

Horse fly (Tabanus), Musca, Stomoxys, Sarcophaga, Warbles (Hypoderma) and bots (Gasterophilus), Nasal bot (Oestrus ovis), Myiasis, Wingless flies (Hippobosca, Melophagus), bugs, lice (Haematopinus, Linognathus, Trichodectus, Damalinia, Menopon, Lipeurus, Menacanthus (Poultry lice). Fleas (Pulex, Ctenocephalides, Echidnophaga, Xenopsylla). Arachnids (Ticks and mites of Veterinary importance. Soft tick (Argasidae), (Argas, Onirthodorus and Otobius).

Hard ticks (Boophilus, Hyalomma, Rhipicephalus, Haemaphysalis, Amblyomma, Ixodes), Mites (Demodex, Sarcoptes, Psoroptes, Notoedreus, Chorioptes). Anti-tick immunoprophylaxis Damages to hide and skins due to ectoparasitic infestation.

Veterinary Protozoology

Introduction and general description to protozoa and their development. Differentiation from protophyta, bacteria and rickettsia, Classification.

Life cycle in relation to transmission, pathogenesis, diagnosis and control of protozoa of veterinary importance.

Kala azar (visceral) and cutaneous leishmaniasis, Animal trypanosomosis (Surra), trypanosomosis (due to African Trypanosoma) in cattle and man.

Bovine and avian trichomonosis, black head in turkeys (Histomonas), Bovine amoebae (Entamoeba) and Batantidium, Giardia sp, Coccidia and coccidiosis of poultry and animals. Cryptosporidiosis, Cyst forming coccidian (Toxoplasma, Sarcocystis), Neospora (Neospora caninum).

Malaria parasite of animals and poultry (Plasmodium and Haemoproteus), Piroplasmosis (Babesia), Theilerosis (Theileria), Recent developments in protozoan vaccines for field use. International regulations for control of different protozoan diseases.

Pathology

Avian Pathology

Viral Diseases: Pathogenesis, gross and microscopic pathology of Ranikhet disease, infectious bursal disease, infectious bronchitis, infectious laryngotracheitis, fowl pox, avian influenza, Marek's disease, leukosis/sarcoma group of diseases, avian encephalomyelitis, inclusion body

hepatitis, hydro-pericardium syndrome, chicken infectious anaemia Avian nephritis, egg drop" syndrome, infectious stunting syndrome, reovirus infections.

Bacterial Diseases: Pathogenesis, gross and microscopic pathology of Colibacillosis (colisepticaemia, yolk sac infecion, egg peritonitis, coligranuloma). infectious coryza, clostridial diseases (botulism, necrotic enteritis, gangrenous dermatitis, ulcerative enteritis), salmonellosis

(Pullorum disease, fowl typhoid, paratyphoid infection), fowl cholera, tuberculosis and spirochaetosis Mycoplasmal and Chlamydial Diseases: Pathogenesis, gross and microscopic pathology of Mycoplasma gallisepticum infection (chronic respiratory disease), Mycoplasma synoviae infection, Avian chlamydiosis (psittacosis).

Fungal Diseases: Pathogenesis, gross and microscopic pathology of aspergillosis, thrush and favus. Mycotoxicosis: Pathogenesis, gross and microscopic pathology of Aflatoxicosis, ochratoxicosis and trichothecenes.

Parasitic Diseases: Pathogenesis, gross and microscopic pathology of Helminthic diseases (flukes, cestodes, nematodes), protozoal diseases (coccidiosis, histomoniasis), ectoparasites, Avian malaria Nutritional and metabolic diseases: Pathogenesis, gross and microscopic pathology of major diseases due to deficiency/excess of carbohydrates, proteins, minerals and vitamins in poultry Vices and Miscellaneous Diseases: Pathology of important vices and miscellaneous conditions. Pathology of exotic and emerging poultry diseases.

General Veterinary Pathology

Introduction and scope of Veterinary Pathology, Brief outline of major intrinsic and extrinsic causes of disease. Pathology of hyperaemia, congestion, haemorrhage, edema, thrombosis, embolism, infarction and shock.

Acute cellular swelling and its variants. Glycogen overload and fatty change. Heat shock proteins and lysosomal storage diseases.

Causes and mechanism of reversible and irreversible cell injury, necrosis and its types, apoptosis, differences between post-mortem autolysis and necrosis. Gangrene. Major exogenous and endogenous pigments. Metastatic and dystrophic calcification.

Jaundice in animals. Photosensitizational dermatitis. Aplasia, hypoplasia, atrophy, hypertrophy, hyperplasia, metaplasia and dysplasia.

Inflammation: definitions, classification, various cell types and their functions, mediators, cardinal signs and systemic effects. Cell cycle and cyclins, soluble and insoluble mediators (including growth factors). Wound healing by primary and secondary intention. Pathology of autoimmune diseases and amyloidosis. Definitions, general characteristics and classification of neoplasms. Differences between benign and malignant tumours, etiology and spread of neoplasms, immunity and neoplasia, effects and diagnosis of neoplasia, stages and grades of neoplasms.

Special Veterinary Pathology

General pathology of viral infections. Pathogenesis, gross and microscopic pathology of Foot and mouth disease, Rinderpest, malignant catarrhal fever, blue tongue, infectious bovine rhinotracheitis, bovine viral diarrhoea, caprine encephalitis-arthritis complex, PPR, equine

infectious anaemia, equine influenza, equine viral arteritis, equine rhinopneumonitis, African horse sickness, classical swine fever, Aujeszkey's disease, swine influenza, rabies, canine distemper, infectious canine hepatitis, canine parvovirus, feline panleukopenia, maedi, jaagziekte, scrapie, bovine and feline spongiform encephalopathies, pox virus diseases in different animals. Vesicular stomatitis, vesicular exanthema, equine encephalomyelitis, diseases caused by rota and corona viruses, General pathology of bacterial infections. Pathogenesis, gross and microscopic pathology of Tuberculosis, Johne's disease, actinomycosis, actinobacillosis, anthrax, clostridial group .of diseases, streptococosis including strangles in horses, staphylococosis, glanders, pasteurellosis, leptospirosis, listeriosis, swine erysipelas, brucellosis, corynebacterium infections, nocardiosis, campylobacteriosis, Hemophilus, salmonellosis and colibacillosis in swine. General pathology of mycoplasmal, chlamydial and rickettsial infections and their differentiation. Pathogenesis, gross and microscopic pathology of contagious bovine pleuropneumonia (CBPP), contagious caprine pleuropneumonia (CCPP), porcine enzootic pneumonia, chlamydial group of diseases and anaplasmosis, Q-fever and ehrilichosis. General pathology of mycotic infections. Pathogenesis, gross and microscopic pathology of superficial and .deep mycoses - ringworm, favus, aspergillosis, zygomycosis, histoplasmosis, cryptococosis and candidiasis.

General pathology of helminthic and protozoal infections. Pathogenesis, gross and microscopic pathology of fascioliasis, amphistomiasis, ascariasis, strongylosis, hemonchosis, spirocercosis, filariasis, hookworm, tapeworm infections, coccidiosis, toxoplasmosis, babesiosis, theileriasis and trypanosomiasis. Pathogical changes in nutritional and metabolic diseases: (deficiency/excess of carbohydrates, proteins, fats, minerals and vitamins and in conditions like milk fever, pregnancy toxaemia, post-parturient haemoglobinuria, ketosis, hypomagnesemic tetany, azoturia, piglet anaemia and sway back/enzootic ataxia and Rheumatism like syndrome).

General pathology of toxicosis. Pathogenesis, gross and microscopic pathology of heavy metal toxicities like arsenic, copper, lead, mercury, cadmium, strychnine, nitrate/nitrite, hydrocyanic acid (HCN), fluoride, oxalate toxicities, insecticide/pesticide poisoning. Pathogenesis, gross and microscopic pathology of aflatoxicosis, ochratoxicosis, trichothecosis and ergotoxicosis. Pathology of exotic and emerging diseases.

Systemic Veterinary Pathology

Pathological changes including neoplasms in non-infectious disease conditions affecting Digestive System (mouth, pharynx, salivary glands, oesophagus, stomach, intestines, liver, gall bladder, pancreas), Respiratory System (nasal cavity, larynx, bronchi, trachea, lungs and pleura),

Musculoskeletal System (muscle, bone, joints, ligaments, tendons), Cardio-vascular System (pericardium, myocardium, epicardium, endocardium, arteries, veins), Haematopoietic System (bone marrow), Lymphoid System (lymph nodes, vessels and spleen), Urinary System (kidneys, ureter, bladder and urethra), Reproductive System (male and female genital organs), Nervous System (brain, spinal cord and peripheral nervous system), Endocrine System (adrenal, thyroid, thymus, pituitary, parathyroid and pancreas). Skin and Appendages (hoof and horn), Ear and Eye.

Pharmacology

General and Systemic Veterinary Pharmacology

Historical development branches and scope of Pharmacology. Sources and nature of drugs. Pharmacological terms and definitions. Principles of drug activity: Pharmacokinetics - Routes of drug administration, absorption, distribution, biotransformation and excretion of drugs.

Pharmacodynamics-Concept of drug and receptor, dose-response relationship, terms related to drug activity and factors modifying the drug effect and dosage. Fundamentals of drug-screening and assay of drugs. Adverse drug reactions, drug interaction, drug- designing and development, bio prospecting of drugs. Introduction to biopharmaceutics and gene therapy. Drugs acting on digestive system: Stomachics, antacids and antiulcers, prokinetics, carminatives, antizymotics, emetics, antiemetics, purgatives, antidiarrhoeals, cholerectics and cholagogues. Rumen pharmacology.

Drugs acting on Cardiovascular system: cardiac glycosides, antiarrhythmic drugs, vasodilators and antihypertensive agents, haematjnics, coagulants and anticoagulants. Drugs acting on respiratory system: Expectorants and antitussives, respiratory stimulants, bronchodilators and mucolytics.

Drugs acting on urogenital system: Diuretics, urinary alkalizers, and acidifiers, fluid therapy, ecbolics and tocolytics. Pharmacotherapeutics of hormones and vitamins.

Drugs acting on skin and mucous membranes: Emollients, demulcents and counter irritants. Bio-enhancers, Immunostimulants and immunosuppressants. New drugs and drug formulations.

Veterinary Neuropharmacology

Drugs acting on autonomic nervous system: Neurohumoral transmission, adrenoceptors agonists and antagonists, adrenergic- neuron blockers, cholinoceptors agonists and antagonists, ganglionic stimulants and blockers.

Autacoids: Histamine and antihistamine agents, 5-Hydroxytryptamine and its antagonists, prostaglandins, angiotensin and bradykinin.

Drugs acting on central nervous system (CNS): Pharmacology of neurotransmitters History of general anaesthetics and theories of anaesthesia. Inhalent, intravenous and dissociative anaesthetics; hypnotics and sedatives; tranquilizers, psychotropic drugs, anticonvulsants, opioid analgesic, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, analeptics and other CNS stimulants, central muscle relaxants.

Drugs acting on somatic nervous system: Local anaesthetics and peripheral muscle relaxants. New drugs end drug formulations.

Physiology

Veterinary Intermediary Metabolism

Enzymes: Definition and classification, EC numbering of enzymes. Coenzymes, cofactors & iso-enzymes. Properties: Protein nature, enzymesubstrate complex formation, modem concept of the active center of enzyme. Specificity of enzyme action: Substrate specificity, group

specificity, stereo or optical specificity. Factors influencing enzyme action: Effects of temperature, pH, concentration of substrate and enzyme.

Enzyme units: International Units, katal, turnover number & specific activity.

Enzyme inhibition: Competitive, non-competitive, uncompetitive inhibition & suicidal inhibition. Allosteric enzymes.

Biological oxidation: Enzymes and coenzymes involved in oxidation and reduction viz. Oxidoreductases, oxidases, oxygenases, dehydrogenases, hydroperoxidases & cytochromes. Respiratory chain/ electron transport chain, oxidative phosphorylation, inhibitors, uncouplers and other factors influencing electron transport chain.

Carbohydrate metabolism: Glycolysis, Kreb's cycle, glyoxylate cycle, HMP shunt, gluconeogenesis, Cori cycle, glycogenesis, glycogenosis, hormonal control of carbohydrate metabolism & regulation of blood sugar Bioenergetics of carbohydrate metabolism Lipid metabolism: Bete oxidation of fatty acids, ketone body formation, biosyntheses of fatty acids, triacylglycerol, phospholipids & Apoprotein metabolism. Bioenergetics of lipidmetabolism.

Protein metabolism: Biosynthesis and degradation. Deamination, transamination and decarboxylation of amino acids. Ammonia transport and urea cycle Nucleic acids: Metabolism of purines and pyrimidines. DNA & RNA biosynthesis. Integration of metabolism. Metabolic functions of macro and micro nutrients, Metabolic functions of lipid and water soluble vitamins. Uses of isotopes in metabolic studies.

Veterinary Physiology –I (Blood, Cardiovascular, Excretory System and Body Fluids)

Introduction to Blood; Properties of blood as a body fluid, metabolism and fate of R.B.C; Hemoglobin-chemical structure, synthesis, physiological functions, derivatives of hemoglobin; Anemia; Plasma proteins, lipids -origin and function; Coagulation mechanisms and regulation of haernostasis; fibronolysis; anticoagulation mechanism. Blood pH, Wood volume and their determination. Osmotic fragility, erythrocyte sedimentation rate, haemtocrit and haemolysis; Leucocyte- phagocytic and immunogenic functions.

Heart- morphological characteristic, systemic excitability conduction & transmission processes. Cardiac Cycle:-Regulation of cardiac output; coronary circulation; properties of pulse; metabolism & energetic of working myocardial cell, extrinsic and intrinsic regulation; ECG and its significance in Veterinary Sciences - Echocardiography.

Haemodynamics of circulation, circulatory mechanics, resistance to flow, vasoconstriction, nervous and circulating fluid volume controls of blood pressure, neurohormonal control of vascular smooth muscle. Circulatory controls- shock stresses, regional and fetal circulations. Capillary exchange, control of blood pressure. Adjustments of circulation during exercise.

Kidney:- Functional morphology of nephron, factors determining filtration pressure, determination of glomerular titration rate (GFR) and renal plasma flow -Reabsorption mechanisms for glucose, protein, amino acids, electrolytes; ammonium mechanism, glomerulotubular balance, methods of studying renal functions; urine concentration; micturition, uraemia. Fluid, water balance, fluid therapy, dehydration, water concentration mechanisms. Acid base balance and H+ regulation, correction and evolution of imbalances, total osmotic pressure, potassium balance, electrolyte and water imbalances, thirst Formation and excretion of urine in Birds. Cerebrospinal fluid, synovial fluids -composition, formation and flow; Joints. Regulations of bone metabolism and homeostasis.

Veterinary Physiology –Ii (Neuromuscular, Digestive And Respiratory Systems)

Muscle Physiology- basic muscle unit characteristic-electrical phenomenon in muscle cell -Membrane potential ionic basis of resting membrane potential, muscle action potential, excitation and propagation of impulse characteristics- latent period refractive ness, threshold level-all & none characteristics - contractile mechanism- excitation -contraction coupling-neuro-muscular transmission, types of muscle contraction, phenomenon of fatigue, rigor mortis.

Organization of nervous system- Mechanism of information processing, hierarchical control. Major functional system- sensory, consciousness, emotion, motor and visceral control and basic functional unit - neuron structure, type- functional characteristics of sub-units of neuron.

Membrane potential- ionic basis of resting membrane potential (RMP) nerve action potential, excitation and propagation of impulse characteristics- latent period -refractive ness, threshold level-all & none characteristics. Degeneration and regeneration of nerve fibre. Synaptic

and junctional transmission.

Functions of nervous system-reflexes-control of posture and movements, autonomic nervous system and visceral control. Neurotransmitter wakefulness, sleep cycle. Higher function of neurons system -learning memory. Familiarization with common equipments used in

neurophysiology (oscilloscope, electroencephalography, machine stimulators etc).

Sense organs and receptors physiology of special senses - EYE: functional morphology, nourishment and protection neural pathway, receptors - optics, ocular muscles and movements, photochemistry, eye defects and eye examinations (as an aid to clinical evaluation). EAR: Physiology of hearing and common hearing impairment. Vestibule apparatus. Physiology of Olfaction and Taste.

Morphological characteristic of monogastric and poly gastric digestive system. Prehension, rumination; daefecation, vomition; regulation of secretory function of saliva, stomach, intestine, pancreas; bile secretion; hunger, appetite control, developmental aspects of digestion; luminous, membranous and microbial digestion in rumen and intestine; permeability characteristics of intestine, forces governing absorption, control intestinal transport of electrolyte and water, enzymatic digestion in monogastric and fermentative digestion in rumen, modification of toxic substances in rumen. Digestion in birds. Functional morphology of respiratory apparatus. Mechanics of breathing. Transport of blood gases, foetal and neonatal oxygen transport, dissociation curves, pressures, recoil tendency, elasticity, surfactants, pleural liquid, compliance, exchanges of gases in lungs and tissues, neural and chemical regulation of breathing, diffusion, perfusion, hypoxia. Frictional resistance to air flow, airways smooth muscle contraction, respiratory muscle work, panting, adaptation of respiration during muscles exercise high attitude hypoxia, Non-respiratory lung functions. Respiration in birds.

Veterinary Physiology – III (Endocrinology, Repro., Growth & Environmental Physiology)

Hormone cell interaction, sub-cellular mechanisms-metabolism of hormones-methods of study of endocrine system; Receptors- mechanism of regulation; Chemistry of hypothalamo -hypophyseal hormones, target organ, pineal, thyroid, thymus, pancreas, adrenal, prostaglandins, hormones of calcium metabolism, disorders, rennin-angiotensin system, atrial natriuretic factors, erythropoietin, GI hormones, pheromones.

Genetic & endocrine control of gonadal development modification of gonadotrophin release, ovarian functions, follicular development dynamics, endocrine and receptor profiles, sexual receptivity, ovarian cycle, post partum ovarian activity, ovum transport, capacitation, fertilization, reproductive cycles in farm animals- hormones present in the biological fluids during pregnancy and their uses for the diagnosis of pregnancy - maternal foetal placental participation in pregnancy & parturition, immunology of gestation, preparturient endocrine events.

Spermatogenic cycle and wave- function of Sertoli cell-leydig cell- semen -composition-evaluation; Testosterone - function and regulation - cryptorchidism. Puberty -photoperiod- uses of androgens, progestogens, estrogens.

Functional and metabolic organization of mammary glands -structure and development; effect of estrogens and progesterone; hormonal control of mammary growth; lactogenesis and galctogenesis; biosynthesis of milk constituents- secretion of milk, mastitis and metabolism, prolactin and mammary tumours.-lactation cycle.

Biochemical and genetic determinants of growth, regulation of growth, metabolic and hormone interactions, factors affecting efficiency of growth and production in ruminants and single stomach animals. Growth in meat producing animals & birds, growth curves. Recombinant gene

transfer technologies for growth manipulation- advantages and limitations. Protein deposition in animals and poultry.

Heat balance, heat tolerance, hypothermia, hyperthermia, thermo-regulation in farm animals, role of skin, responses of animals to heat and cold, fever, body temperature and hibernation. Temperature regulation in birds.

Climatology -various parameters and their importance. Effect of different environmental variables like temperature, humidity, light, radiation, altitude on animal performance. Acclimation, acclimatization -general adaptive syndrome. Clinical effect on endocrine -reproductive function, circadian rhythm.

Neurophysiology of behaviour, types of behaviour, communication, Learning and memory, behavioural plasticity.

Poultry

Avian Production Management

Indian Poultry industry-brief outline of the different segments-poultry statistics. Classification of poultry, common breeds of poultry including duck, quail, turkey & guinea fowl and their descriptions. Description of indigenous fowls.

Reproduction in fowl, male and female reproduction systems, formation of eggs, structure of eggs. Important economic traits of poultry, egg production, egg weight egg quality, growth, feed consumption and feed efficiency, fertility and hatchability, plumage characteristics and comb types. Scavenging system of management raising of chicks, scavenger feed base of village. Low input technology; backyard and semi intensive unit of various sizes; their description, management and economic achievements.

New colored feathered birds developed in public and private sectors for meat and egg production for rural poultry; their acceptability and assimilation in rural eco-system. Mixed farming and poultry raising. Concept of self-local market unit Brooding and rearing practices used for

chicken, duck, quail, turkey and guinea fowl. Economic production of chicken and other classes of poultry.

Hatching and feeding norms for different species of poultry. Marketing of poultry and poultry products. Setting of farms for different classes of poultry. Organic and hill farming.

Commercial Poultry Production and Hatchery Management

HOUSING - Location of poultry. Types of poultry houses. Different types of rearing-advantages and disadvantages. Space requirement for different age groups under different rearing systems. Environmentally controlled housing. BROODING MANAGEMENT-Brooding: Types of

brooders; preparation of shed to receive chicks; importance of environment (temperature, humidity and ventilation). Feeding and vaccination in early stage of chicks.

REARING AND MANAGEMENT- Care and management of growing, laying/broiler birds of both breeders and commercial categories of poultry.

Battery cage management different types and sizes. Poultry judging.

LITTER MANAGEMENT- Litter materials, litter-borne diseases and control; potential for poultry litter used as fertilizers; recycling for livestock feeding and power generation; Special management care in adverse weather conditions/ stress; summer management modification of housing light reflectors; insulators, sprinklers, loggers and other methods; dietary modification to minimize heat stress; special management during rainy and winter season; other stress management- vices in poultry and its remedial measures.

WATER MANAGEMENT- Standard for drinking water in terms of total solids. pH, minerals levels, sanitizers and water sanitations, diseases spread through water contamination-prevention.

BIOSECURITY- Proactive measures to minimize entry of infections in farm premises-farm fencing, disinfectant pits, personnel management restriction of movement etc. Poultry welfare and behaviour.

FEEDING- digestive system and digestion in chicken. Classification, selection of common feed ingredients and their nutrient composition.

Nutrient requirement for different age groups. Feed formulations, economics of feed formulation-cost/, unit nutrient Feeding systems and feeding management economization of poultry feeding. Feed restriction, separate male feeding, non-nutrient feed additives including herbal bio-enhancers; anti-nutritional factors and toxins.

HEALTH CARE- Common poultry diseases: bacterial, viral, fungal, parasitic and nutritional deficiencies. Vaccination schedule for commercial layers and broilers: factors that govern vaccination schedule; vaccination principles type, methods, pre and post vaccination care. Medication: Types of administration-general principles and precautions with emphasis on administering medication through water and feed; commonly used drugs in poultry diseases. Disinfection: Types of disinfectants; mode of action; recommended procedure; precaution and handling.

ECONOMICS- Economics of layer and broiler production; Projects reports layer in different systems of rearing. Projects reports for broilers.- Feasibility studies on poultry rearing- in context of small units and their profitability. Designer meat and egg production. Export/import of poultry

and poultry products.

BREEDER FLOCK MANAGEMENT- Layer and broiler breeder flock management housing & space requirements. Different stage of management during life cycle; Light management during growing and laying period, Artificial insemination.

Feeding: Feed restriction, separate male feeding. Nutrient requirement of layer and broiler breeders of different age groups. Healthcare: vaccination of breeder flock; difference between vaccination schedule of broilers and commercial birds. Common diseases of breeders (Infectious and metabolic disorders)-prevention. Fertility disorder- etiology, diagnosis and corrective measures. Selection and culling of breeder flocks. Economic parameters on returns from breeders- for example saleable chick/hen/production cycle etc.

HATCHERY PRACTICES - Management principles of incubation. Factors affecting fertility and hatchability. selection, care and incubation of hatching eggs. Fumigation; sanitation and hatchery hygiene. Disposal of hatchery waste; Sexing, grading, packing and dispatch of day old

chicks. Economics of hatchery business; Trouble shooting hatch failure: importance of hatchery records, break even analysis of unhatched eggs. Biosecurity in the hatchery. Computer applications for hatchery management

Reproduction

Veterinary Andrology and Reproductive Techniques

Introduction to Andrology. Development of male genitalia and gonads. Puberty, sexual maturity, sexual behaviour and libido. Factors affecting maturity and sex drive in bulls. Forms of male infertility. Factors causing infertility in male, its diagnosis and treatment Abnormalities, malformations, diseases of male genitalia and coital injuries, their diagnosis and treatment. Testicular hypoplasia and degeneration. Diseases of the accessory sex glands. Introduction, history, development, advantages and limitations of artificial insemination (A.I.). Methods of semen collection in various species. Factors affecting qualify and quantity of semen. Macroscopic/physical, microscopic, biochemical and biological tests for evaluation of semen. Extenders used for semen preservation. Extension of semen, preservation of semen at different temperatures. Storage and shipment of semen. Technique of A.I.

Veterinary Gynecology

Clinical evaluation and abnormalities of reproductive tracts in domestic animals. Delayed Puberty and sexual maturity. Estrus detection.

Aberrations of estrus and estrous cycle. Seasonal breeding. Pregnancy diagnosis- different methods- in different species. Superfoetation and Superfecundation. Fertility, Infertility & sterility- Anatomical, hereditary, nutritional, managerial, hormonal and infectious causes. Anoestrus, ovulatory defects and cystic ovarian degeneration. Repeat breeding: Fertilization failure, early embryonic mortality. Specific & non- specific infections affecting genital organs-endometritis, cervicitis, vaginitis. Fertility parameters. Sexual hearth control and reproductive hearth management. Clinical use of hormones in female infertility. Breeding management mismating, psuedopregnancy, transmissible venereal tumor- (TVT) in bitches.

Induction of estrus, Synchronization of estrus, Follicular Dynamics, Ovulation, Superovulation, and Embryo Transfer Technology. Immunemodulation for enhancement of fecundity

Veterinary Obstetrics

Types and functions of placenta in different species. Diseases & accidents during gestation-Abortion in domestic animals-diagnosis & control.

Dropsy of fetal membranes and fetus. Fetal "mummification, maceration, pyometra and mucometra. Prolonged gestation. Teratology.

Premature birth. Uterine torsion.

Cervico-vaginal prolapse. Termination of pregnancy. Parturition. Puerperium and involutionofuterusindomestic animals. Care and management of dam and newborn.

Dystocia- Types of dystocia - maternal & fetal- approach, diagnosis and treatment Epidural & other anesthesia in obstetrical practice.

Obstetrical operations- rnutation, forced extractions, fetotomy and cesarean section. Injuries and diseases in relation to parturition. Postpartum diseases and complications: uterine prolapse, retention of fetal membranes, metritis, postpartum paraplegia.

Animal birth control- ovariohysterectomy and non surgical interventions

Statistics

Statistics And Computer Application

Basic Statistics:

Introduction and importance. Statistics, parameters, observation, recording and graphical representation of data Probability and probability distributions: binomial, Poisson and normal. Measures of central tendency and measures of dispersion (simple and grouped data). Moments and skewness to kurtosis. Correlation and regression. Tests of hypothesis and t Z, X2 and F tests of significance and their interrelationship.

Livestock census procedure and census. Introduction to sample survey methods for livestock and livestock products. Bioassay - meaning and uses.

Experimental designs:

Completely Randomized Design (CRD.) and Randomized Block Design (R,B.D). Analysis of variance.

Computer application: Computer and its components; Types of computers; Hardware, software, human ware and firm ware. Type of memories. Computer languages and their scope and limitations. Computer programming : Data types: Constants, variables, expressions, operations, functions, flow charts, commands, simple programs and their execution- scope and limitations. Data base management system: Storage of data, filing, retrieving, reproduction. Use of computer in animal husbandry and veterinary practices.

Surgery

General Veterinary Surgery, Anaesthesiology and Diagnostic Imaging

GENERAL SURGERY

Introduction, history, classification, surgical terminology and development of veterinary surgery. Asepsis-antisepsis, their application in veterinary surgery. Surgical risk and judgment. Management of shock, haemmorrhage. Principles of fluid therapy in surgical patients.

Differential diagnosis and surgical treatment of abscess, tumors, cyst haematoma, necrosis, gangrene, bum. Wound: classification, symptoms, diagnosis and treatment; complications, their treatment and prevention.

ANAESTHESIOLOGY

Preanaesthetic considerations and preanaesthetics. Anaesthesia, local analgesia /anaesthesia, General anaesthesia, anaesthetic agents (like barbiturates, dissociative agents). Inhalation anaesthesia and agents, maintenance and monitoring of general anaesthesia. Anaesthetic emergencies and their management Only awareness of neuroleptanalgesia, electro-anaesthesia, acupuncture, hypothermia, muscle relaxants.

Post operative pain management General principles of chemical restraint of wild / zoo animals and anaesthesia of lab animals.

DIAGNOSTIC IMAGING

Production and properties of X-rays. Factors influencing production of X-ray.

Principles of viewing and interpreting X-ray films, classification of radiographic lesions. Contrast radiography: classification, materials, uses, indications and contra indications.

Biological effects of radiation, radiation hazards and their prevention by adoption of safety measures. Principles of ultrasonography and its applications in veterinary practice. Awareness on principles of radiation therapy, Isotopes and their uses in diagnosis and therapy; Principles and application of CT scan, MRI, echocardiography, scintigraphy, gamma camera, xeroradiography and Doppler.

57B. REGIONAL VETERINARY SURGERY

Head and Neck

Affections of the lips and cheek and their treatment Affections of the tongue and their treatment. Treatment of cleft palate. Nasal polyps

Affections and treatment of Guttural pouch, empyema, chondroids, tympanitis. Sinusitis, pus in the sinus. Affections of the horn and their

treatment (avulsion of the horn, fracture of the horn, horn cancer and fissure in horn). Debudding and amputation of the hors-. Affections of the teeth and their treatment congenital abnormalities, irregular molars.(shear mouth, sharp teeth, wave form mouth, step formed mouth) dental tartar and dental caries, dental tumor and periodontal disease. Bishoping. Affections of safvary glands and their treatment (Trauma, sialoliths, salivary cysts, salivary fistula). Affections of the upper and lower jaw and treatment Affections of the ear and their treatment (haematoma and chronic otorrhoea). Eye: Csnical examination of the eye. Surgical affections of the eye: Entropion, ectropion, tumor of eye. Conjunctiva: Conjunctivitis, occlusion of nasolacrimal duct squint Eyeball: affections of the eye: hydropthalmia, glaucoma, tumors of eye, panopthalmia, injuries and infections of anterior and posterior chambers. Worm in the eye. Affections of esophagus: choke, esophageal stenosis, dilation and diverticulum. Tracheal injuries and tracheal collapse. Affections of pharynx and larynx. Foreign bodies (Oral cavity).

Thorax and Abdomen Fracture of rib. Perforated wounds, sternal fistula, pneumocele, traumatic pneumothorax Hernia: classification, etiology, diagnosis and treatment (urnbical, ventral, inguinal, perineal, diaphragmatic). Surgical affections of the stomach in dogs {cardia, pyloric stenosis, torsion).'

Surgical affections, diagnosis and treatment of stomach in ruminants (ruminal impaction, traumatic reticulitis, diaphramatic hernia abomasal displacement, omasal impaction). Surgical affections of intestines: intestinal obstruction, intussusception, strangulation (volvulus) in large and small animals. Caecal dilation, torsion. Affections of rectum: prolapse, rectal tear, anal adenitis. Congenital anomalies of colon, rectum, anus.

Surgical affections of fiver, spleen. Surgical affections of kidney,ureters, urinary bladder. Urolithiasis and urethral stenosis their sequlae and surgical treatment Surgical affections of penis and sheath, affections of testicle, scrotum. Surgical affections of udder and teat Canine mammary neoplasms.

Veterinary Orthopedics And Lameness

Body conformation of the horse in relation to lameness (trunk, fore limb and hind limb) Lameness, definition, classification and diagnosis.

Shoulder slip (sweeny), bicipital bursitis, omarthritis, capped elbow, radial paralysis, carpitis. bent knee, and knock-knee. Hygroma of knee, open knee, blemished knee. Fracture of carpal bone, fracture of accessory carpal, contraction of digital flexors. Splints, sore shin, wind puffs,

sesamoid iris Osstots, ringbone, quittor, side bone, Navicular disease, pyramidal disease. Laminitis, sand crack, seedy toe, fractures of third phalanx, pedal osteitis, and sole penetration. Canker, thresh and com, Monday morning disease, cording up, myositis of psoas, Mac thrombosis, Crural paralysis, subluxation of sacroiliac joint rupture of round ligament trochantric bursitis. Upward luxation fixation of patella, stringhalt, gonitis, chondromalacia of patella, rupture of tendoachilles, rupture of peroneus tertius, fibrotic myopathy and ossifying myopathy.

Thoroughpin, bog spavin, spavin, curb, capped hock. Bovine lameness: contusion of sole, ulceration of sole, septic laminitis. avulsion of hoof and subluxation of patella. Interdigital fibroma, cyst sand crack, hoof deformities. Speckle joint disease (septic arthritis, osteochondritis

dessicans, degenerative joint disease) in large animals and their treatment. Specific joint disease in dogs and their treatment. (Intervertebral disc protrusion, spondylosis) elbow and hip dysptasta Rupture of cruciate ligament. Fracture and dislocation. Classification and general principles or fracture repair. Application of external and internal immobilization for different bone fractures in small and. large animals.

Complications of fracture healing. Affections of tendon, tendon sheath, bursa and ligaments. Principles of physiotherapy, classification, scope and limitations.

Toxicology

Veterinary Toxicology

General Toxicology: Definitions, fundamentals and scope of toxicology. Sources and mode of action of poisons. Factors modifying toxicity.

General approaches to diagnosis and treatment of poisoning. Toxicity caused by metal and non-metals: Arsenic, lead, mercury, copper, selenium, molybdenum, phosphorus, nitrates and nitrites, common salt and fluoride. Toxicity caused by plants and weeds: Cyanogenetic plants, abrus, lantana, ipomoea, nerium, datura, nux vomica, castor, selenium containing plants oxalate producing plants, plants causing thiamine deficiency. . Drug toxicity and toxicity caused by agrochemicals: organophosphates, carbamates, chlorinated hydrocarbons, pyrethroids. herbicides, fungicides, rodenticides and urea.

Residue toxicology: Hazards of residues, concepts of withdrawal time and MRLs, minimizing drug and toxic residues in animal products.

Venomous bites and stings: Snake bite, scorpion, spider, wasp stings and toad poisoning. Radiation hazards and industrial toxicants. Toxicity caused by food additives and preservatives.

Histology And Embryology

Veterinary Histology And Embryology

General Histology: Structure of animal cell and basic tissues and their functional activity. Epithelia and their modifications. Connective tissue and its components including blood and bone. Muscular tissue types and their functional peculiarities. Neuron, nerve fibre and ganglion.

Systemic Histology: Study of microscopic structure of the organs of digestive, respiratory, urinary, reproductive, nervous and cardiovascular systems, sense organs, endocrines and lymphoid organs, of domestic animals and birds.

Embryology: Gametogenesis, fertilization, cleavage, gastrulation, and the development of foetal membranes in birds and mammals. Structure and types of mammalian placenta. Development of the organs of digestive, respiratory, urogenital, cardiovascular, nervous and locomotor system and organs of special sense and endocrine glands. Fetal circulation.

Wild life

Zoo/Wild Animal Breeding, Management, Nutrition and Healthcare

Taxonomy of various genera of wild/zoo animals of India along with their descriptions. Ethology of wild life species. Basic principles of habitat and housing of various classes of wild and zoo animals. Population dynamics of wild animals, effective population size of wild animals in

captivity/zoo/natural habitats. Planned breeding of wild animals. Controlled breeding and assisted reproduction. Breeding for conservation of wild animals. Feeding habits, feeds and feeding schedules of zoo animals. Nutrient requirements of wild animals, Diet formulation and feeding of various age groups, sick and geriatric animals. Restrain, capture, handling, physical examination and transport of wild and zoo animals.

Principles of anaesthesia, anaesthetics, chemicals of restraining, common surgical Interventions. Capture myopathy. Principles of zoo hygiene, public health problems arising from zoos. Prevention, control and treatment of infectious, parasitic, nutritional and metabolic diseases in zoo and wild animals. Acts and Rules related to Zoo and wild animals. National and international organisations and institutions interlinked to wild and zoo animals - rote and functioning.